毕业论文：Background of English Loanwords and Japanese Kanji Loanwords in Mandarin Ch

英文毕业论文

1. Introduction
1.1 Background of English Loanwords and Japanese Kanji Loanwords in Mandarin Chinese
A language may loan from certain major sources. This is the case with Chinese. For various historical and geographical reasons, Mandarin Chinese has loaned largely from English and Japanese. English is an alphabetic language, while Chinese is a pictographic language; in English words there are stresses but no tones, while in Chinese words there are tone undulations but no stresses; however, both Japanese and Mandarin Chinese are in Sinosphere , that make assimilated and adapted Japanese kanji loanwords come into Mandarin Chinese easier than English loanwords. Before the first half of the 20th century, Japanese came into contact with English earlier than Chinese. From the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China(from mid-nineteenth century to early 20th century), owing to the urgent introduction of Western inventions and thoughts, and the shortage of loanwords in the early stage of Mandarin Chinese le*is, Japanese edition of Western books involving many spheres, such as science, technology, art, literature, politics, philosophy, economic, law, medicine, warfare, architecture, and every aspect of daily life turned into a short-term e*pedient for Chinese scholars, gradually
……（新文秘网https://www.wm114.cn省略2067字，正式会员可完整阅读）……　
ly distinguishing foreign words and loanwords is conductive to the e*plicit conception of loanword. Integrated loanword indicates that morphological changes may happen during the adaptation and assimilation. Abbreviation is a way to adapt the loanword for the syllable acceptability. It also happened in Mandarin Chinese, e.g. specialist(English)→senmonka専門家(せんもんか)(Japanese)→专(zhuān)家(jiā)(Chinese); post office(English)→yūbinkyoku郵便局(ゆうびんきょく)(Japanese)→邮(yóu)局(jú)(Chinese). Many loanwords in Mandarin Chinese is hard to be distinguished from native Mandarin words because most of such words were loaned in Chinese characters. In this paper we only research on the general linguistic process of certain loanwords which are based on the achievements of certain Chinese and Japanese linguists in Japanese kanji research, that had passed English to Japanese, then to Chinese. With regard to some typical ways to distinguish Japanese kanji loanwords from Mandarin Chinese native-created loanwords, we would discuss some of them if necessary.
3. Reverse Loan and Japanese Le*is Classification
3.1 Reverse Loan
E*cept the recent emerging acronym words and blend words, Mandarin Chinese le*ical is written in Chinese character and Mandarin etymology always refers to classical Chinese and allusions to search for word prototype, but does not pay attention to whether the meaning of Mandarin Chinese is the same as the classical Chinese. Mandarin Chinese words’ meaning are took over from reverse loans, e.g. 　　hokewa 保險(ほけわ)(insurance)，hyōhon 標本(ひょうほん)(specimen), kakumei 革命(かくめい)(revolution), minsyu 民主(みんしゅ)(democracy), so the amount of Chinese loanwords looks like small. In regard to the way to distinguish Japanese reverse loan from Chinese native-created words, Gu Jiangpin, a Sino-Japanese scholar, has indicated in 汉语中的日语借词研究(A research on Japanese loanwords in Mandarin Chinese) , and I reduce them to three phases: 1) Search for the Chinese words with etymology noted 源(yuán)日(rì)(from Japanese) in 汉语外来语词典(Dictionary of Chinese loanword) ; 2) put these words into 汉语大词典(Chinese Dictionary), combines with the e*planation and illustration of the era, to make sure whether the Mandarin meanings e*ist in classical Chinese or not and when such meanings generate. 3) the word whose Mandarin meanings do not e*ist in classical Chinese or the generation era clearly in the period of early stage of Mandarin Chinese, is Japanese reverse loan. By this way, we can find out at least 150 such consilient words(in Chinese):
白金(báijīn), 保险(bǎo*iǎn), 保障(bǎozhàng), 悲观(bēiguān), 辩护士(biànhùshì), 标本(biāoběn), 表象(biǎo*iàng), 博士(bóshì), 博物(bówù), 初夜权(chūyèquán), 代表(dàibiǎo), 代言人(dàiyánrén), 单位(dānwèi), 单行本(dān*íngběn), 道具(dàojù), 登记(dēngjì), 独占(dúzhàn), 发明(fāmíng), 法律(fǎlǜ), 反对(fǎnduì), 方程式(fāngchéngshì), 分配(fēnpèi), 分析(fēn*ī), 分子(fēnzǐ), 风琴(fēngqín), 提琴(tíqín), 封锁(fēngsuǒ), 服用(fúyòng), 浮世绘(fúshìhuì), 干部(gànbù), 干事(gànshi), 干线(gàn*iàn), 革命(gémìng), 攻守同盟(gōngshǒutóngméng), 共和(gònghé), 规范(guīfàn), 规则(guīzé), 过渡(guòdù), 会计(kuàijì), 机关(jīguān), 机械(jī*iè), 计划(jìhuà), 记录(jìlù), 演习(yǎn*í), 交换(jiāohuàn), 交际(jiāojì), 交通(jiāotōng), 胶着语(jiāozhuóyǔ), 教授(jiàoshòu), 教育学(jiàoyù*ué), 节约(jiéyuē), 解放(jiěfàng), 经费(jīngfèi), 经济(jīngjì), 拘留(jūliú), 具体(jùtǐ), 军国主义(jūnguózhǔyì), 军籍(jūnjí), 军需品(jūn*ūpǐn), 抗议(kàngyì), 科目(kēmù), 课程(kèchéng), 劳动(láodòng), 劳动者(láodòngzhě), 理论(lǐlùn), 理事(lǐshì), 理性(lǐ*ìng), 列车(lièchē), 伦理学(lúnlǐ*ué), 论理学(lùnlǐ*ué), 麦酒(màijiǔ), 美化(měihuà), 民法(mínfǎ), 民主(mínzhǔ), 目的(mùdì), 内阁(nèigé), 能力(nénglì), 偶然(ǒurán), 判决(pànjué), 骑士(qíshì), 气氛(qìfēn), 气质(qìzhì), 牵引车(qiānyǐnchē), 铅笔(qiānbǐ), 侵犯(qīnfàn), 勤务(qínwù), 柔道(róudào), 神经(shénjīng), 神经过敏(shénjīngguòmǐn), 神经衰弱(shénjīngshuāiruò), 生产(shēngchǎn), 生产关系(shēngchǎnguān*ì), 生产力(shēngchǎnlì), 生命线(shēngmìng*iàn), 世纪(shìjì), 事变(shìbiàn), 输入(shūrù), 水准(shuǐzhǔn), 私法(sīfǎ), 思想(sī*iǎng), 素质(sùzhì), 所得税(suǒdéshuì), 条件(tiáojiàn), 同情(tóngqíng), 投机(tóujī), 胃溃疡(wèikuìyáng), 温室(wēnshì), 文化(wénhuà), 文明(wénmíng), 文学(wén*ué), 物理(wùlǐ), 物理学(wùlǐ*ué), 悟性(wù*ìng), 相对(*iāngduì), 新闻记者(*īnwénjìzhě), 信用(*ìnyòng), 形而上学(*íngérshàng*ué), 虚无主义(*ūwúzhǔyì), 宣传(*uānchuán), 选举(*uǎnjǔ), 学府(*uéfǔ), 学士(*uéshì), 询问(*únwèn), 演说(yǎnshuō), 演绎(yǎnyì), 羊羹(yánggēng), 遗传(yíchuán), 艺术(yìshù), 议决(yìjué), 异物(yìwù), 意匠(yìjiàng), 意识(yìshí), 意义(yìyì), 游弋(yóuyì), 右翼(yòuyì), 预备役(yùbèiyì), 预算(yùsuàn), 元帅(yuánshuài), 运动(yùndòng), 运转手(yùnzhuǎnshǒu), 哲学(zhé*ué), 真空管(zhēnkōngguǎn), 知识(zhīshi), 制御器(zhìyùqì), 主人公(zhǔréngōng), 主食(zhǔshí), 主体(zhǔtǐ), 注射(zhùshè), 资本(zīběn), ……（未完，全文共32273字，当前仅显示5804字，请阅读下面提示信息。收藏《毕业论文：Background of English Loanwords and Japanese Kanji Loanwords in Mandarin Ch》）